Psychology and Health Problems - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1074 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/09/25 Category Advertising Essay Type Narrative essay Tags: Conflict Essay Depression Essay Problems Essay Did you like this example? Assignment: Psychology and Health Problems Lyndsay McPheron Axia at UOP Sept 20, 2010 Assignment: Psychology and Health Problems The multi-factorial model uses many different factors to analyze and see how it affects our health. This model embraces the fact that a healthy person is a result of multiple factors working together. This model has been an essential tool to gain a better understanding of a person’s health overall, including physically and psychologically. The multi-factorial model uses many genetic and lifestyle factors in order to diagnose psychological disorders that can directly affect a person’s health physically. The model can also be used to determine if a person is prone to having a psychological disorder. It incorporates a wide range of factors, such as Biological, Sociocultural, and environmental. These factors play significant roles, as well as our personality traits, behavioral patterns, and everyday stressors. These aspects will be disc ussed further throughout the following reading, along with some specific health problems, and the role that Psychology plays in understanding, as well as managing these health concerns. Biological factors are factors which cannot be controlled by an individual. Examples of biological factors include exposure to illness, injuries encountered, family medical history, disabilities relating to birth defects, medication history, genetics, age, and gender. Many of these biological factors start at childhood and continue throughout life. The sociocultural factors include things like access to healthcare, family circumstances, and health- related cultural and religious beliefs. Environmental factors include quality of the water and pollution of land and air. The behavioral pattern is about diet, sleep patterns, level of physical activity, as well as other activities an individual would do to protect health. Personality traits that affect the body include psychological conflicts, depre ssion, anxiety, optimism or pessimism, and holding grudges. Everyday stressors such as daily hassles, major life changes, frustration, pain, and climate in the workplace can have a positive or negative affect on a person’s overall health. There were four different health problems that were discussed in the chapter reading; headaches, menstrual problems, Coronary Heart Disease, and Cancer. Headaches and menstrual problems are two of the health issues explained in the text that will be discussed in the reading. I found them to be most related to my experience. I learned a good deal of information from the week’s reading. Both of these problems are a result from stress, as well as other factors combined. Stress is a major part of some of the pain people deal with every day. It can cause a person to completely withdraw from the world. Stress is a psychological factor that has different effects on each individual. It has been linked to many problems such as anxiety, pani c attacks, cancer, high blood pressure, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, digestive tract diseases, and many more. It can affect us both psychologically and physically, and take a major toll on the body overall. Headaches are very common in 80 percent of Americans. The two most common types are tension and migraine headaches. These types of headaches are overwhelming for some people to handle. The stress makes the headaches worse and in turn brings more stress. Most people who complain of headaches suffer from anxiety and depression. A health care provider can help manage your headaches as well as the anxiety and depression. Headaches are brought on by several things such as the way we live. It is important to know what triggers the migraine and try to avoid those things. For some people with tension headaches many things can cause them to come on such as stress, anxiety, depression, overworking, poor nutrition, and poor sleep patterns. For people who suffer from migraine head aches there are several triggers such as foods, smells, stress, poor sleep pattern, changes in the environment, and even medications. Several different things can cause headaches; everything from stress to major life threatening illnesses. The way to relieve and manage the headaches is through pain-relieving medications that are taken when needed and lifestyle changes. There are also preventive medications that can be taken daily; these are needed in severe cases. Lifestyle changes include avoiding stress, eating healthy, getting enough rest and trying to relax, getting good sleep without over sleeping, and do muscle relaxing exercise. Keeping a diary of headache occurrences, and then showing them to a doctor will help learn more about what triggers the headaches. About 50 to 75 percent of women complain of problems with their menstrual cycle. A woman’s menstrual cycle is a very sensitive thing. If it is disturbed it can cause irregular cycles for many woman. Having a r egular menstrual cycle is a sign of good health. Many factors can cause a woman to experience an irregular cycle. Women can suffer long-term irregularity or short- term irregularity. In short term and long term irregularity are caused by things such as stress, tension, poor diet, some medications, too much caffeine, too much exercise, and fatigue. Short term irregularity is very common in most women and shouldn’t be of much concern. This is because it doesn’t last very long and it is possible to get back on track. In long term irregularity, a woman can experience extreme bleeding and pain for months and months, or no cycle at all. There is treatment for a woman who suffers from irregular menstrual cycles. Speaking with a gynecologist about the menstrual cycle history and a physical exam can help learn what it is that is needed to treat the problem. As irregular menstrual cycle is tested according to the cause, it is determined with a blood test, ultrasound and biops y. Often times it is found that a hormone imbalance is the major cause for an irregular menstrual cycle. This can be treated with the appropriate drugs or hormones, and sometimes surgery is required to fix the problem in serious cases. The multi-factorial model can be used in a variety of ways in psychology. It uses many genetic and lifestyle facts in order to help to diagnose or prevent future medical problems that a person may experience. The model can also be a great psychological tool to determine and help diagnose people with psychological disorders or those who could be prone to them. This model has helped psychology be able to better understand and manage many health problems. It takes into consideration many different factors that can cause illness. This can help others in the future to quickly recognize problems and get it treated sooner. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Psychology and Health Problems" essay for you Create order

Essay The Role And Functions Of New Zealand Government

The New Zealand Government has made significant changes to the economy throughout the last 15 years. The operation and organisation of business activity in New Zealand has been affected by this changing economy. All aspects of the New Zealand Government have been altered. The reason for this change was to improve the performance by being more efficient. The key reforms are privatisation and corporatisation of State Owned Enterprises (SOEs) and restructuring government agencies. The most significant change was the election of the Labour Party in 1984, which ended the Muldoon Administration. At this time, New Zealand was in a rut because of poor economic management by the previous Government. Unemployment was high in 1983 and still†¦show more content†¦Some restructuring and reforms affected these sectors. The New Zealand Government owned many enterprises such as State Insurance, Air New Zealand, New Zealand Rail, The Bank of New Zealand, and Telecom. In 1987 most of these assets were sold. By doing this it meant the Government could pay off large accumulated debts and allow these companies to become more efficient. After the sale of these SOEs that the New Zealand Government has become more efficient too, they can focus on their primary task by providing essential services. Some of these services include public hospitals, education, benefits, and emergency relief. From the reforms came a radical change in New Zealand trade. In 1984 the Government devalued the New Zealand Dollar by 20%, then in 1985 introduced a floating exchange rate. Along with that, the removal of agricultural subsidies and import tariffs. It allowed New Zealand to be a fairer country to trade with. As a direct result, the trade competitive index jumped from 0.72 on 1985 to 0.98 in 1987. Foreign investment increased as the New Zealand Dollar strengthened against the ‘green back’ and the pound. 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Should Parenting Require a License free essay sample

Parenting skills range from excellent all the way to nonexistent. Do you think people with low parenting skills have the right to have children? This has been an issue for years. Many people argue that in order to have children one should require a parenting license. Others say that it’s in-just to require a license for something that is â€Å"our right†. There are many different ethical theories such as utilitarianism that would say you should require a license to parent, but an alternative perspective much like ethical relativist say having children is up to ones own ethical standards. You cannot end a life. Depending on your beliefs, this is free to a bit of leeway. Abortion, euthanasia, or what have you. Murder is very clearly a big no, and manslaughter is a mixed bag, usually left at the discretion of a judge and/or jury. Whether it is to protect yourself or others, accidentally or deliberately, knowingly or otherwise, ending life is not allowed. In the cases where it is, war, policing, etc. , the ending of a life is fraught with psychological and emotional problems. So if ending life is such a big deal, why is starting it treated so liberally? A person can never pick who they want their parents to be, so why should they have to suffer the consequences of individuals who may not even want to spend an entire evening together, never mind a lifetime? Due to biological development, our bodies often mature faster than our minds. Hence, our society is faced with what is casually referred to as â€Å"unwanted pregnancies†. How awful to think that an nnocent child who enters this world through the choices of â€Å"parents†, are not wanted and viewed as a burden. However, by implementing a parenting license procedure we could do our best to make sure that no child is left unwanted, neglected or abused. â€Å"Utilitarianism argues that, given a set of choices, the act we should choose is that which produces the best results for the greatest number affected by that choice. (Mosser, 2010)† Utilitarianism would very well support the paren t license when you look at all the positive facts. It’s more or less moral reasoning. Hugh Lafollette argues that in order to drive a car, be a doctor, practice law, and psychiatry they have satisfied certain licensing requirements (1980). So why shouldn’t one have a license to be a parent. Lafollette also argues that â€Å"any activity that is potentially harmful to others and requires certain demonstrated competence for its safe performance is subject to regulation† (1980). And a parent must be competent if he is to avoid harming his children. You have to be competent to drive a car, so why not be competent to raise children. Parenting is an activity potentially very harmful to children. The harm is apparent; children are neglected and abused, not given love, respect, or a sense of self-worth† (Lafollette, 1980). Children who are abused are more likely to abuse their own children, and never be well-adjusted, happy adults (Lafollette, 1980). The impact of child abuse and neglect is often discussed in terms of physical, psychological, behavioral, a nd societal consequences. In reality, however, it is impossible to separate them completely. Physical consequences, such as damage to a childs growing brain, can have psychological implications such as cognitive delays or emotional difficulties (Westman, 2001). Psychological problems often manifest as high-risk behaviors. Depression or anxiety, for example, may make a person more likely to smoke, abuse alcohol, drugs, or even over eat (Westman, 2001). High-risk behaviors in turn, can lead to long-term physical health problems such as sexually transmitted diseases, cancer, and obesity (Westman, 2001). Here are some statistics of reported child abuse and neglect that would help support the utilitarianism argument. In 2009 approximately 3. 3 million child abuse reports and allegations were made involving an estimated 6 million children (Childhelp, 2011). Almost five children die every day as a result of child abuse. 80% of those children are under the age of four. 30% of abused and neglected children will later abuse their own children, continuing the horrible cycle of abuse (Childhelp, 2011). If that’s not enough to convince you let’s take a look at criminal behavior. 4 % of all men and 36% of all women in prison were abused as children (Childhelp, 2011). Or how about that 59 % of children who experience child abuse and neglect are more likely to be arrested as a juvenile, 28% more likely to be arrested as an adult, and 30 % more likely to commit violent crimes (Childhelp, 2011). An estimated annual cost of child abuse and neglect in the United States for 2007 is $104 billion (Childhelp, 2011). If the statics don’t put you on the utilitarian side, then let’s look at some other facts. When you choose to have a child a lot of us think how will parenting impact me? But shouldn’t the bigger question be how will my parenting will impact my child? Young children are vulnerable before their parents, and as parents we are to provide for the child’s physical well-being, education, and moral development (Cassidy, 2006). The vulnerability of young children on their parents is heightened when we remind ourselves that children’s dependency makes them unable to seek alternatives to their parents if the children did perceive such a need (Cassidy, 2006). So the concern for the future welfare of children should override the desire to parent. An alternative perspective on parent licensing is through the eyes of a relativist. â€Å"Relativism is the idea that ones beliefs and values are understood in terms of ones society, culture, or even ones own individual values† (Mosser, 2010). Relativist would say that I believe that it is our right to have children, but you are right to license parents if your culture sees fit. With a relativist you would simply agree to disagree, much like the many people opposed to allowing parent licensing. Some say that licensing is unacceptable since people have a right to have children, just as they have rights to free speech and free religious expression. Some people would say that by having children the state gives you advantages over people without children. These advantages include tax breaks, though pressures such as that are more symbolic than substantive as pressure; also the fact that the acceptance and availability of abortion has been steadily undermined. In addition federal sex education classes have been cut and abstinence-only programs are in place (Cassidy, 2006). Another pressure of having children is all of the social and religious peer pressure (Cassidy, 2006). â€Å"In some cultures women having children is the only way to become a real woman, a fulfilled person, a true adult, or a valued citizen† (Cassidy, 2006). Another argument people have with licensing parents is who decides who is a competent parent or not? People administering the process have the authority to disqualify people they dislike, or people who espouse views they dislike from rearing children (Lafollette, 1980). We just don’t have the knowledge to know who will abuse their children, and without that knowledge not only would licensing be unjust but also a waste of time. Others also argue that agreeing to a parent license is allowing the government into our bedrooms. How would the government implement the program without invading our privacy? Parent licensing is something that I was always very controversial about until I was reading the pros and cons for this paper. Now I am for the license, and there are several people that agree with me. An ongoing poll done by the Freakonomics. om â€Å"Should Being a Parent Require a License† so far states that 59% of people say it’s a â€Å"good idea, but no way to feasibly implement it†, opposed to only 6% of people saying â€Å"Terrible idea, shame on you for proposing it. † 59% of people are for the program if they could find a way to properly distribute the licenses. That’s more than half the people that took this poll. New parents are rarely ever knowledgeable enough to raise a child in the world we know today. It is a learning experience that takes much deliberation and attention, but there are people, institutions, and information that can help. The requirement of a potential parent to utilize these resources regularly throughout the child’s years would be more than beneficial to society and the economy. Current and post parents should be required to take educational classes on productive parenting and the ill effects of neglect and abuse, As well as ensuring the home that they will be raising their child in is suitable. One might ask what condition a suitable home entails. However simply put, it is a safe environment clear of danger to a child’s health or well-being. This would greatly increase living quality for children. Through mass media we hear the horror stories of how mothers leave their babies in dumpsters to die, babies born drug or alcohol addicted, parents who â€Å"forget† about their children and bake them to death in cars, â€Å"fathers† who murder their pregnant â€Å"partner† because they don’t want to pay child support, or people who leave their children home alone and unsupervised because they wanted to pursue their own wants – drugs, alcohol, gambling, whatever. As the general public, our reaction is horror and disgust wringing our hands wondering, â€Å"how could this happen? These activities need to cease. It should be the role of the public to take a more active stance so that these egregious events do not happen. By creating a licensing procedure, parents would be required to demonstrate a level of competency which would require them to examine whether or not they are truly ready to accept the challenges, responsibilities and rewards of being a full time parent. It would require conscious forethought be given to finances, education, and values BEFORE a couple conceives and realizes that they are not a match. Similarly, when a couple takes their wedding vows, what is said is more than just words. Lifetime promises are made to one another that are to be upheld – therefore the statement, â€Å"for better or for worse†. The potential for a change in thought in which the vocation of parenting would become more highly regarded would be of value to all in society. More time should be dedicated to considering, evaluating, planning and educating families considering children, rather than just focusing on conceiving them.